Faculty and students of the Georgia Tech Renewable Bioproducts Institute (RBI) were active participants at the TAPPINano 2024 conference held in Atlanta on June 10-14. The Renewable Bioproducts Institute was a gold sponsor of the annual event that focused on the topic - Building from the Bottom Up: Shaping a Sustainable World using Renewable Nanomaterials.

RBI’s Executive Director Carson Meredith was a keynote speaker at the conference and Meisha Shofner, professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering served as the conference chair. Conference attendees had an opportunity to participate in an academic tour of RBI that included a tour of the Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking, located within the Renewable Bioproducts Institute. 

During a session on water treatment and recovery, Zhaohui Tong, associate professor and RBI initiative lead for Waste Valorization in Food-Energy-Water and Yongsheng Chen, Bonnie W. and Charles W. Moorman IV professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering participated and presented their work on nano-triboelectric cellulose membrane sensors for heavy metal ions removal and detection and next generation nano filtration membranes via machine learning-screened novel monomers respectively.

During the lunch presentation on June 11, Meredith presented his keynote on the topic “Cellulose nano materials at the Renewable Bioproducts Institute: Two decades of partnerships and progress.”

Xiaoqing Yu, graduate student at the Woodruff School presented her paper on de-wrinkling for papers coated with cellulose nanocrystal and modified celluloses.

Georgia Tech graduate students and RBI Fellows, Kim Anh Pham, Jonathan Rhone and Javaz Rolle participated in a session on cellulose based coatings, and presented their work on sustainable oxygen barrier coatings for paper based on anionic and cationic cellulose derived materials, cellulose nanocrystal coated glass fiber-epoxy composites: interfacial and tensile properties, and durable bio-based coatings for packaging applications.

Finally, during a session on CNF & MFC Sheets and Films, Fariha Rubaiya, RBI Fellow presented her work on out-of-plane auxecity in cellulose nanofibril films.

Here is a video shared by the TAPPINano 2024 organizers on the highlights of the conference.  

Anna Doll is the education curator at the Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking, located in Georgia Tech’s Renewable Bioproducts Institute. Doll’s day-to-day responsibilities, and the many projects she handles at the museum, bring tremendous value not only to the Georgia Tech community, but also to the papermaking community around the world. 

With a degree in art education and a minor in art history, Doll began her career as an elementary school art teacher in Pinellas County, Florida. She then became the director of Museums for the Folk Pottery Museum of Northeast Georgia and the Sautee Nacoochee Cultural Center History Museum and Heritage Site. 

In 2019, Doll joined the Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking team as its education curator. At the museum, she creates and manages programs that include educational tours, private and public workshops on papermaking, specialized workshops through creative collaborations with artists, collaborations with other campus units for STEAM activities, and community events for kindergarten through senior adult audiences. 

"I didn't know a whole lot about papermaking when I first started here," admits Doll, "but I knew how to be an education curator." Her ability to swiftly absorb the history and concept of papermaking and translate it into engaging educational experiences has been instrumental in her success. Below are a few highlights of Doll’s projects.

Museum Tours 
Doll’s daily activities include educational tours of the papermaking museum for groups of all ages. The tours range from introducing the papermaking process to elementary and middle school students to sharing the history and heritage of papermaking with adults. In addition, she conducts virtual programs for groups interested in the history of paper and the technological advances of the papermaking process since its invention many centuries ago. 

Workshops
Doll is the point of contact for public and private workshop bookings. She also develops the concepts for these sessions, catering to groups with various interests (e.g., Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, people with disabilities, teachers, artists, college students, and public groups). This spring, Doll’s workshops included Suminagashi, Production Papermaking, Petal Fold Book, Paper Casting, and Magic Box: Jacob’s Ladder.

In addition to conceptualizing and conducting tours and workshops, she designs curricula and other resources involving paper art and science for K-12 teachers to integrate into their art classes. 

Big Paper Workshop – Convening Artists, Educators, and Community Members for a Transformative Experience in Papermaking
This spring, Doll and her colleague Jerushia Graham created a communal workshop called “Big Paper.” Offered on multiple days, this project included five college groups from Georgia and Alabama and community groups from metro Atlanta who got to create a large sheet of paper from pulp. Participants beat plant material by hand to prepare the fiber and worked with Tom Balbo, founding director of the Morgan Conservatory, to create a huge 4’x6’ sheet of paper that was mailed back to them once it was dry. 

Through her work at the museum, Doll has cultivated relationships with various artists, all of whom collaborate with the museum to conduct workshops and create and showcase art exhibits.

Additional Collaborations Across Campus
Doll partners with other units on campus to create programs. She collaborated with the Georgia Tech Library on a program called “Tech's Tactile Thursdays.” Hosted on the first Thursday of each month, it allows students, faculty, and staff to work on hands-on projects related to paper and provides an opportunity for the largely technology-focused participants to take a break from their routine, relax, and explore their creative side and enhance their well-being. 

Doll also has been an active educator at Georgia Tech Science and Engineering Day, which is part of the Atlanta Science Festival. This year, more than 3,000 K-12 students and parents visited Georgia Tech’s campus to engage in hands-on STEAM activities. Representing the museum, Doll worked with families to make prints on a clamshell printing press featuring a custom-designed Buzz image (designed by Doll) on a postcard for the kids to take home. The activity showcased the rich history of the printing press and modern technology with a photopolymer printing plate.

Through these diverse projects and initiatives at the museum, Doll continues to make a difference in the world of papermaking. Looking ahead, she hopes to expand the museum’s educational initiatives as well as the education team and its resources, and she envisions broadening the museum’s reach and impact by offering free programs to schools through grants. She is also working with Georgia Tech faculty and researchers on museum research into the art of nano cellulose and plans to establish a paper and natural dye garden for teaching.

Will Gutekunst, associate professor in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Georgia Tech, co-leads the interface of polymer science and wood-based materials initiative along with Blair Brettmann at the Renewable Bioproducts Institute (RBI). Gutekunst’s research explores the design of novel monomers for the design of recyclable polymers for a circular economy, fluxional materials, and 3D-printable ceramics.

Below is a brief Q&A with Gutekunst where he discusses his research focus areas and how they influence the interface of polymer science and wood-based materials initiative at Georgia Tech.

• What is your field of expertise and at what point in your life did you first become interested in this area?

My graduate training is in synthetic organic chemistry, and I focused on basic science problems at that time. Toward the end of my Ph.D., I became interested in applying my skill set to new research directions that could have a more direct impact on society. This led me to pursue postdoctoral research in polymer chemistry, which has been a source of inspiration ever since.

• What questions or challenges sparked your current renewable bioproducts research? What are the big issues facing your research area right now?

My first project in this space was initiated shortly after I arrived at Georgia Tech through RBI funding opportunities, and it has continued to be a theme ever since. One of the critical problems in my research is identifying monomers that can polymerize and depolymerize on command. This involves balancing the driving force of polymerization (enthalpy) with the unfavorable process of confining multiple monomers to a single chain (entropy). While we are making considerable progress in engineering appropriate polymerization enthalpies into monomers, the entropic side of the problem remains a significant challenge.

• What interests you the most in leading the research initiative on the interface of polymer science and wood-based materials? Why is your initiative important to the development of Georgia Tech’s renewable bioproducts research strategy?

The most exciting aspect of the initiative is the ability to bring together multiple strengths of Georgia Tech to work on a central goal. Solving problems at this interface involves the collaborative efforts of researchers in chemistry, processing, separations, and even data science. Identifying and gathering synergistic teams is critical to address this problem and additional goals in renewable bioproducts.

• What are the broader global and social benefits of the research you and your team conduct on the interface of polymer science and wood-based materials?

The goal of this research is to develop materials that are more recyclable and are derived from abundant feedstocks, which are two big problems rolled into one. The eventual product of this research will be access to materials that are more compatible with the environment while also drastically reducing the waste output of society.

• What are your plans for engaging a wider Georgia Tech faculty pool with the broader renewable bioproducts community?

Through the merger of the Georgia Tech Polymer Network with RBI, we can start to forge collaborations across a broader swath of the Georgia Tech community. This includes the organization of workshops, making connections between different student groups, and the development of center grants to tackle grand challenges in the field.

• What are your hobbies? 

In my free time, I enjoy reading (non-science), pottery, and hiking.

• Who has influenced you the most?

My Ph.D. advisor (Phil Baran) and my postdoctoral advisor (Craig Hawker) both stand out in their impact on my scientific career. Through their guidance, I learned how to properly think about science and to always look ahead for the next big problem.

From keeping warm in the winter to doing laundry, heat is crucial to daily life. But as the world grapples with climate change, buildings’ increasing energy consumption is a critical problem. Currently, heat is produced by burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, but that will need to change as the world shifts to clean energy. 

Georgia Tech researchers in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering (ME) are developing more efficient heating systems that don’t rely on fossil fuels. They demonstrated that combining two commonly found salts could help store clean energy as heat; this can be used for heating buildings or integrated with a heat pump for cooling buildings.

The researchers presented their research in “Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Salt Mixtures With Improved Hydration Kinetics and Cycling Stability,” in the Journal of Energy Storage.

Reaction Redux 

The fundamental mechanics of heat storage are simple and can be achieved through many methods. A basic reversible chemical reaction is the foundation for their approach: A forward reaction absorbs heat and then stores it, while a reverse reaction releases the heat, enabling a building to use it.

ME Assistant Professor Akanksha Menon has been interested in thermal energy storage since she began working on her Ph.D.  When she arrived at Georgia Tech and started the Water-Energy Research Lab (WERL), she became involved in not only developing storage technology and materials but also figuring out how to integrate them within a building. She thought understanding the fundamental material challenges could translate into creating better storage.

“I realized there are so many things that we don't understand, at a scientific level, about how these thermo-chemical materials work between the forward and reverse reactions,” she said.

The Superior Salt

The reactions Menon works with use salt. Each salt molecule can hold a certain number of water molecules within its structure. To instigate the chemical reaction, the researchers dehydrate the salt with heat, so it expels water vapor as a gas. To reverse the reaction, they hydrate the salt with water, forcing the salt structure’s expansion to accommodate those water molecules. 

It sounds like a simple process, but as this expansion/contraction process happens, the salt gets more stressed and will eventually mechanically fail, the same way lithium-ion batteries only have so many charge-discharge cycles. 

“You can start with something that's a nice spherical particle, but after it goes through a few of these dehydration-hydration cycles, it just breaks apart into tiny particles and completely pulverizes or it overhydrates and agglomerates into a block,” Menon explained. 

These changes aren’t necessarily catastrophic, but they do make the salt ineffective for long-term heat storage as the storage capacity decreases over time. 

Menon and her student, Erik Barbosa, a Ph.D. student in ME, began combining salts that react with water in different ways. After testing six salts over two years, they found two that complemented each other well. Magnesium chloride often fails because it absorbs too much water, whereas strontium chloride is very slow to hydrate. Together, their respective limitations can mutually benefit each other and lead to improved heat storage.

“We didn't plan to mix salts; it was just one of the experiments we tried,” Menon said. “Then we saw this interactive behavior and spent a whole year trying to understand why this was happening and if it was something we could generalize to use for thermal energy storage.”

The Energy Storage of the Future

Menon is just beginning with this research, which was supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award. Her next step is developing the structures capable of containing these salts for heat storage, which is the focus of an Energy Earthshots project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

A system-level demonstration is also planned, where one solution is filling a drum with salts in a packed bed reactor. Then hot air would flow across the salts, dehydrating them and effectively charging the drum like a battery. To release that stored energy, humid air would be blown over the salts to rehydrate the crystals. The subsequently released heat can be used in a building instead of fossil fuels. While initiating the reaction needs electricity, this could come from off-peak (excess renewable electricity) and the stored thermal energy could be deployed at peak times. This is the focus of another ongoing project in the lab that is funded by the DOE’s  Building Technologies Office.

Ultimately, this technology could lead to climate-friendly energy solutions. Plus, unlike many alternatives like lithium batteries, salt is a widely available and cost-effective material, meaning its implementation could be swift. Salt-based thermal energy storage can help reduce carbon emissions, a vital strategy in the fight against climate change.

“Our research spans the range from fundamental science to applied engineering thanks to funding from the NSF and DOE,” Menon said. “This positions Georgia Tech to make a significant impact toward decarbonizing heat and enabling a renewable future.”

When Blair Brettmann was a sophomore at the University of Texas at Austin, her advisor told her about the National Science Foundation’s Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program. The summer program enables undergraduates to conduct research at top institutions across the country. Brettmann spent the summer of 2005 at Cornell working in a national nanotechnology program — a defining experience that led to her current research in molecular engineering for integrated product development. 

“I didn't know for sure if I wanted to attend grad school until after the REU experience,” Brettmann said. “Through it, I went to high-level seminars for the first time, and working in a cleanroom was super cool.” 

Her experience was so positive that the following summer, Brettmann completed a second REU at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she eventually earned her Ph.D. Now an associate professor in Georgia Tech’s School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering and an Institute for Matter and Systems faculty member and an initiative lead for the Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Brettmann is an REU mentor for the current iteration of the nanotechnology program — now taking place at Georgia Tech. 

Brettmann’s mentee this summer, Marissa Moore, is having a similarly positive experience. A rising senior in chemical engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia (Mizzou), Moore was already familiar with Georgia Tech because her father received his chemical engineering Ph.D. from the Institute; she hopes to do the same. Her passion for research began as she grew up with her sister, who had cerebral palsy and epilepsy. 

“We spent a lot of time in hospitals trying out new devices and looking for different medications that would help her, so I knew I wanted to make a difference in this area,” she said. 

But Moore wasn’t interested in being a doctor. Instead, she wanted to develop the materials that could be a solution for someone like her sister. Her undergraduate research focuses on materials and biomaterials for medical applications, and Georgia Tech is enabling her to deep-dive into pure materials science. 

“What I'm working on at both universities is biodegradable polymers, but at Mizzou I’m developing that polymer from the ground up, and at Tech I’m using the properties of the polymer and finding how to make them,” she explained. 

Having the opportunity to work in nanotechnology through the Institute for Materials and use Georgia Tech’s famous cleanroom made this REU stand out for Moore. 

“I had never been in the cleanroom before, so that was one of the most eye-opening experiences,” she said. “It was cool to gown up and learn all of the safety precautions.” 

For Brettmann, hands-on research experiences like this make the REU program unique — and crucial — for potential graduate students. 

“Having your experiments fail, or even having things not turn out as you expect them to is an important part of the graduate research experience,” she said. “One of the best things about REU is it can be a first experience for people and help them decide what to do in grad school later on.”